7/2/2008 partial pressure n. the pressure exerted by a component in a gaseous mixutre if the whole volume is occupied by this component alone. 2.5- 7/2/2008 chemical kinetics n a study of reaction rates including factors that affect the rate 13.1-化學動力學 7/2/2008 constant amount adj. an experimental approach to determine the progress/rate of a reaction by measuring the time taken for a fixed amount of a reactant to disappear / a product to produce 13.1- 7/2/2008 constant time adj. an experimental approach to determine the progress/rate of a reaction by measuring the amount of a reactant to disappear / a product to produce in a fixed interval 13.1- 7/2/2008 mol dm-3 s-1 n. a common unit of rate of reaction 13.1- 7/2/2008 average rate n the change in conc. of a reactant or a product over a given period of time in a reaction 13.1-平均速率 7/2/2008 instantaneous rate n the rate at a particular instant in a reaction 13.1-瞬時速率 7/2/2008 initial rate n "reaction rate at the start, when the time is 0" 13.1-初速率 7/2/2008 absorbance n a numerical value showing the amount of light absorbed by the reaction mixture 13.3-吸光度 7/2/2008 calibration curve n a curve to be constructed for all kind of analytic instruments so that the reading from the instrument is correlated to the amount of the chemical that it is measuring 13.3-分等級線 7/2/2008 colorimeter n an instrument used to measure the colour intensity of a solution 13.3-色度計 7/2/2008 quenching n. a process of stopping a reaction in progress 13.3-抑制 7/2/2008 cooling n. a method of quenching other than dilution and quenching agent 13.3- 7/2/2008 dilution n. a method of quenching other than cooling and quenching agent 13.3- 7/2/2008 collision theory n theory states that reactants must collide with an energy higher than activation energy and right orientation for a reaction to occur 13.4-碰撞理論 7/2/2008 effective collision n collision that leads to a reaction to occur 13.4-有效碰撞 7/2/2008 activation energy n minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur 13.4-活化能量 7/2/2008 catalyst n substance which can speed up a reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy 13.4-催化劑 7/2/2008 reaction depending n. unit of rate constant (k) 14.1- 7/2/2008 differential adj. The form of rate equation with the format of Rate = -1/a d[A]/dt where A is a reactant 14.1- 7/2/2008 ordinal adj. The form of rate equation with the format of Rate=k[A]^x[B]^y where k is the rate constant (The experimentally determined rate equation if the form is not specified) 14.1- 7/2/2008 order of reaction n The power to which the concentration terms are raised in the experimentally determined rate equation. 14.1- 7/2/2008 overall order of reaction n The sum of powers of the concentrations of individual reactants in the experimentally determined rate equation. 14.1- 7/2/2008 rate constant n A value in the experimentally determined rate equation which is temperature-dependent and can only be determined by experiment 14.1- 7/2/2008 zeroth adj. The order of a reaction in which the rate of reaction is independent of the concentrations of the reactant 14.2- 7/2/2008 first adj. The order of a reaction in which the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant 14.2- 7/2/2008 second adj. The order of a reaction in which the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the square of concentration of the reactant 14.2- 7/2/2008 excess adj. The way of making the order of a reactant virtually zeroth order by keeping it in this way 14.2- 7/2/2008 integrated adj. The form of rate equation directly relates the concentration of a reactant with time 14.5- 7/2/2008 half-life n The time taken for half of the reactant to be converted to the product 14.5- 7/2/2008 first order reaction n. The kind of reaction having a constant half-life. 14.5- 7/2/2008 nuclear adj. The only kind of reaction whose rate is temperature independent 14.5- 7/2/2008 Arrhenius equation noun ln k = lnA - Ea/RT 15.1- 7/2/2008 exponential adj. used to describe the relationship between rate of a reaction (rate constant) and temperature 15.1- 7/2/2008 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution noun The distribution of molecular speeds at a particular time and temperature 15.2- 7/2/2008 constant adj. "The area covered by a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of a particular sample at different temperature, representing the total no. of molecules in the sample" 15.2- 7/2/2008 energy profile n. a graph to show changes in potential energy during reaction 15.3- 7/2/2008 transition state n. an activated complex which is at the top of the energy profile. It is highly unstable and can never be isolated 15.3- 7/2/2008 activation energy n. the energy difference between reactant and transition state (threshold energy level leading to a reaction) 15.3- 7/2/2008 single-stage reaction n. a reaction which takes place in one single step 15.3- 7/2/2008 multi-stage reaction n. a reaction which takes place in two or more steps 15.3- 7/2/2008 intermediate n. a reactive species which is at the bottom of a potential well in the energy profile of a muti-stage reaction where isolation of it is theoretically possible. 15.3- 7/2/2008 molecularity n. no. of particles involved in formation of transition state of an elementary step of a reaction 15.3- 7/2/2008 rate determining step n. the lowest step of a reaction in a multi-stage reaction 15.3- 7/2/2008 energetically stable adj a term used to describe that energy of a reactant is lower than that of the product 15.3- 7/2/2008 kinetically stable adj "a term used to describe that owing to high activation energy, there's no conversion from reactant to product, though the energy of the reactant is higher than that of the product" 15.3- 7/2/2008 positive adj. used to describe a catalyst which can speed up a reaction 15.4- 7/2/2008 negative adj. used to describe a catalyst which slow down a reaction 15.4- 7/2/2008 homogeneous n. used to describe a catalyst which has the same phase as the reaction medium 15.4- 7/2/2008 heterogeneous n. used to describe a catalyst which has different phase from the reaction medium 15.4- 7/2/2008 adsorption n. a process of having a molecule sticking onto the surface of a solid catalyst 15.4- 7/2/2008 catalytic converter n. "an installation in car exhaust system which can help to reduce emission of pollutants, eg. CO, NO" 15.4- 7/2/2008 rhodium n. a metal used in a catalytic converter to enhance the reduction of NO to N2 by CO 15.4- 7/2/2008 platinum n. a metal used in a catalytic converter to enhance the combustion of unburnt hydrocarbon and CO 15.4- 7/2/2008 La Chatelier's principle n. "the principle suggests that when a change is imposed on an equilibrium, the system will respond in a way to minimize the effect of the change" 16.1-勒沙得利爾原理 7/2/2008 irreversible reaction n. a reaction that takes place in one direction only and finishes when one the reactants is used up. 16.1-不可逆反應 7/2/2008 reversible reaction n. a reaction that can go either way (eg: thermal decomposition of CaCO3 in a closed container or esterification by reflux) 16.1-可逆反應 7/2/2008 forward reaction n. the reaction going from left to right (taking reactant side on the left) 16.1-正向反應 7/2/2008 closed adj. used to describe a prerequisite condition for a system to attain equilibrium 16.1-密閉體系，封閉體系 7/2/2008 backward reaction n. the reaction going from right to left (taking product side on the right) 16.1-逆向反應 7/2/2008 equilibrium state n. a state where there is no observable change in a reaction mixture 16.2-平衡狀態 7/2/2008 backward rate n. "at the state of equilibrium, the forward rate equals this." 16.2-化學平衡 7/2/2008 dynamic adj. "to describe the reactants are continuously forming products and the products are continuously forming reactants, even at equilibrium state." 16.2-動態 7/2/2008 equilibrium n. "only at this state, the stoichiometric coefficient of individual component equal to the order of reaction with respect to individual component" 16.4-反應級數 7/2/2008 equilibrium constant n. a value which is temperature depending showing the relative concentrations of reactants and product at equilibrium. Its unit depends on the values of stoichiometric coefficients. 16.4-平衡常數 7/2/2008 equilibrium law n. an equation describes the relationship between the concentrations of reactant and product at equilibrium. 16.4-平衡定律 7/2/2008 nil n. effect of catalyst on the position of an chemical 16.5-催化劑 7/2/2008 blood-red n. colour of [Fe(NCS)]2+ 16.5- 7/2/2008 equilibrium position n. specific set of equilibrium concentrations of the reaction mixture 16.7-平衡位置 8/2/2008 partition law n. A law states that at a given temperature the ratio of the concentration of a solute in two immiscible solvents is constant when a state of partition equilibrium has reached. 16.8-分配定律 8/2/2008 partition coefficient n. the ratio showing the concentration of solute in two immiscible solvents at partition equilibrium 16.8-分配系數 8/2/2008 nil n. the unit of partition coefficient in a partition equilibrium 16.8- 8/2/2008 molecular form n. partition law of partition equilibrium only applies if the chemical has the same kind of this in the two immiscible solvents 16.8-二聚物 8/2/2008 solvent extraction n. "a method of separating a substance from a mixture, using the principle of partition equilibrium of a solute between two immiscible solvents." 16.8-預分散溶劑萃取 8/2/2008 separating funnel n. an instrument used in solvent extraction. 16.8-分液漏斗 8/2/2008 organic solvent n. a solvent used in dissolving organic compounds during solvent extraction. 16.8-有機溶劑 8/2/2008 aqueous layer n. a place where inorganic impurities tend to remain. 16.8-水層 8/2/2008 distillation n. a method to remove the organic solvent after solvent extraction. 16.8-蒸餾，蒸餾法 8/2/2008 paper chromatography n. "a method to used to separate and analyze mixtures, eg: separate a mixture of dyes." 16.8-分配色層<分析>法，分配色譜法 8/2/2008 stationary phase n. "it is formed by a thin film of water trapped on the paper, which paper chromatography make use of." 16.8-固定相 8/2/2008 mobile phase n. it is formed by solvent . It allows the specimen to be carried upward in paper chromatography. 16.8-流動相 8/2/2008 solvent front n. highest position that the solvent moves up the paper in paper chromatography. 16.8-溶劑前沿 8/2/2008 chromatogram n. the chromatography paper obtained after separation of the species 16.8-分析譜圖 8/2/2008 ninhydrin n. a developer used to turn amino acid to coloured substance after separation by paper chromatography 16.8-寧希德林，<水合>三酮 8/2/2008 Rf value n. the ratio of the distance travelled by a spot to that travelled by the solvent. Which differs from solvents and temperatures. 16.8-比移值 8/2/2008 capillary action n. the force which moves the solvent upwards in paper chromatography 16.8-毛細作用 8/2/2008 reaction quotient n. "a factor similar to equilibrium constant but at any particular instant (not necessarily be at equilibrium), can use to predict the direction of shifts in a chemical equilibrium" 16.9-反應商數 8/2/2008 nil n. effect on the equilibrium position of a gaseous mixture at equilibrium by elevating the total pressure through introduction of an inert gas 8/2/2008 Arrhenius n. a theory which suggests that acid gives hydrogen ions and base gives hydroxide ions when dissolved in water 17.1-阿列紐斯酸鹼學說 8/2/2008 hydroxonium ion n. "an ion, instead of hydrogen ion, which actually exists and characterizes as an acid" 17.1-水合氫離子 8/2/2008 Bronsted-Lowry n. a theory which suggests that acid donates a proton and base receives the proton when reaction takes place 17.1-布侖斯特 - 路里酸鹼學說 8/2/2008 conjugate acid-base pair n. an acid and a base which is only differ by one proton 17.1-共軛酸鹼對 8/2/2008 conjugate acid n. an acid formed from a base by accepting a proton 17.1-共軛酸 8/2/2008 conjugate base n. a base formed from an acid by losing a proton 17.1-共軛鹼 8/2/2008 Arrhenius acid n. an acid that ionizes to give hydrogen ions 17.1-阿列紐斯酸 8/2/2008 Arrhenius base n. a base that ionizes to give hydroxide ions 17.1-阿列紐斯鹼 8/2/2008 Lewis n. a theory which suggests that acid accepts a pair of electrons and base donates a pair of electrons in a reaction 17.1- 8/2/2008 Bronsted-Lowry acid n. an acid that donates a proton 17.1-布侖斯特 - 路里酸 8/2/2008 Bronsted-Lowry base n. a base that accepts hydrogen ion from an acid 17.1-布侖斯特 - 路里鹼 8/2/2008 Lewis acid an acid that accepts electron 17.1- 8/2/2008 Lewis base a base that donates electron 17.1- 8/2/2008 ionic product of water n. "a constant which is temperature dependent ,denoted by Kw, which has the value of 1*10^14 mol2 dm-6 at 25°C" 17.2-水的離子積 8/2/2008 auto-ionization n. the process that water molecules are broken down to hydroxide ion and hydroxonium ion 17.2-自我離解 8/2/2008 pH scale n. "a scale, which is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions, to measure the acidity and alkalinity of a solution" 17.3-pH標度 8/2/2008 universal indicator n. a solution which is used to measure the pH of a solution by showing several different colour at different pH 17.3-通用指示劑 8/2/2008 acid dissociation constant n. an equilibrium constant related to the extent that an acid is ionized in water 17.4-酸離解常數 8/2/2008 base dissociation constant n. an equilibrium constant related to the extent that a base is ionized in water 17.4-鹼離解常數 8/2/2008 polyprotic acid n. an acid which has more than one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule 17.4-多質子酸 8/2/2008 common ion effect n. an effect that the ionization of a compound is affected by the existence of some ions of the same kind concerned in a solution 17.4-同離子效應 8/2/2008 charge effect n. an effect that makes the acidity constant of successive ionization of polyprotic acid always smaller than the preceding step 17.4- 8/2/2008 buffer solution noun a solution that tends to resist change in pH when a small amount of acid or base is added to it 18.1-緩衝溶液 8/2/2008 acid buffer solution noun a solution prepared by mixing a weak acid and a salt containing its conjugate base 18.1-酸性緩衝溶液 8/2/2008 basic buffer solution noun a solution prepared by mixing a weak base and a salt containing its conjugate acid 18.1-鹼性緩衝溶液 8/2/2008 phenolphthalein noun a laxative used in many preparations under various trade names; also used as an acid-base indicator in titrations involving weak acids and strong bases because it is brilliant red at high alkalinity and colourless below pH 8 18.2-酚酞 8/2/2008 methyl orange noun an azo dye used as an acid-base indicator; used for titrations involving weak bases 18.2-甲基橙 8/2/2008 indicator dissociation constant noun the working range of an indicator is about from +1 to -1 of the negative log of this value 18.3- 8/2/2008 titration curve noun the curve showing the changes in pH in the process of a titration 18.4-滴定曲線 8/2/2008 solubility product noun The equilibrium constant for an equilibrium established between a solid and its saturated solution. 18.4-溶解度積 8/2/2008 oxidation n. The process of addition of oxygen atom / removal of hydrogen atom / removal of electron / increase in oxidation number 19.1-氧化作用 8/2/2008 oxidation number n. "The difference between the number of proton and electron associated with an atom, taking the difference in electronegativity into consideration." 19.1-氧化數 8/2/2008 oxidizing agent n. A species that undergo reduction during a redox reaction. 19.1-氧化劑 8/2/2008 reducing agent n. A species that undergo oxidation during a redox reaction. 19.1-還原劑 8/2/2008 reduction n. the process of removal of oxygen atom / removal of hydrogen atom / addition of electron / decrease in oxidation number 19.1-還原作用 8/2/2008 electrode potential noun the absolute value of this charge separation arising from immersing a metal into a solution of its ion cannot be determined in a school laboratory 20.1- 8/2/2008 salt bridge noun a component in an electrochemical cell whose function is to provide ions to balance the charge accumulated in the two half-cells 20.3- 8/2/2008 electromotive force noun "the maximum potential difference between the electrodes of a chemical cell, measured when the external circuit is open." 20.3- 8/2/2008 potentiometer noun an instrument other than high-impedance voltmeter used to measure the e.m.f. of a chemical cell 20.3- 8/2/2008 potassium chloride noun a salt other than ammonium nitrate commonly used in salt bridge (your book is correct) 20.3- 8/2/2008 ammonium nitrate noun a salt other than potassium chloride commonly used in salt bridge (your book is correct) 20.3- 8/2/2008 cell diagram noun a set of IUPAC notation used to represent the arrangement of a electrochemical cell 20.3- 8/2/2008 solid vertical line noun the IUPAC notation representing a phase boundary in a cell diagram 20.3- 8/2/2008 broken vertical line noun the IUPAC notation representing a porous partition in a cell diagram 20.3- 8/2/2008 two solid vertical lines noun the IUPAC notation other than 2 broken vertical lines representing a salt bridge in a cell diagram 20.3- 8/2/2008 anode noun (only if necessary) To make the overall e.m.f. this electrode is written on the left-hand side of the cell diagram 20.3- 8/2/2008 right adj. the sign of the e.m.f. of a cell diagram is taken from the polarity of the electrode on this side 20.3- 8/2/2008 standard hydrogen electrode noun the reference electrode used in the determination of the (relative) electrode potential of other half-cell system 20.4- 8/2/2008 reduction potential noun another name for (relative) electrode potential 20.4- 8/2/2008 Nernst equation noun an equation relating the standard electrode potential of a half-cell in standard condition to its electrode potential not in standard condition 20.6-遵守能士特方程式 8/2/2008 primary cell noun "an electrochemical cell which cannot be recharged, i.e. reactants cannot be regenerated." 20.7-一次電池 8/2/2008 secondary cell noun "an electrochemical cell that can be recharged, also known as storage cell" "20.7-蓄電池,副電池" 8/2/2008 lead-acid accumulator noun a battery with only one electrolyte and no salt bridge or porous partition; each pair of electrodes generates about 2 volts; 20.7-鉛酸蓄電池 8/2/2008 fuel cell noun a cell that produces electricity by oxidation of fuel (hydrogen and oxygen); often used in spacecraft 20.7-燃料電池